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@028 CHAP 8
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ CLOSELY-HELD C CORPORATIONS │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────┘
A "closely-held C corporation" is a regular corporation
that is owned by only one person or controlled (over 50% of
its stock) by five or fewer individuals. Elaborate "attri-
bution" rules apply so that a person is considered to al-
so own shares that are owned by certain related persons,
such as children, other controlled corporations, etc.
Thus, if you have 9 children, you can't give them each 10%
of the stock of a corporation, keep the other 10% for your-
self and say that no five persons owns over 50% of the com-
pany -- The attribution rules will deem you to be the owner
of 100% of the stock in such case, and the corporation will
be considered a closely-held C corporation (unless it el-
ects to be an S corporation).
The primary disadvantage of having a corporation be treated
as a a closely-held C corporation is that it may not offset
"passive activity" losses against portfolio income (such as
dividends and interest income). However, unlike an indi-
vidual, such a corporation IS allowed to offset passive
losses against its "net active income" (unless it also hap-
pens to be considered a "personal service corporation"). C
corporations that are neither "closely-held C corporations"
nor "personal service corporations" are not subject to the
passive loss restrictions at all, and thus are allowed to
offset passive losses fully against all kinds of income.